1992;49:1818. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. 2012;31:6774. 2014;90:2935. 2009;27:556572. Clin Neurophysiol. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Sanders AP, Joines WT. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. 2011;35:36978. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Interphone study group. Gold PE. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Acta Pharmacol Sin. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Chin J Indus Hyg. 2005;161:52635. Eastern J Med. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Qutob et al. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. 1994;10:13548. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Gold PE. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. PLoS One. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Article Electromagn Biol Med. J Sleep Res. 1996;93:46938. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Biol Chem. 2008;169:3845. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Im HI, Kenny PJ. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Wang et al. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. PubMed Central 2012;35:32534. J Environ Health. 2006;12:44651. Neurobiol Learn Mem. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. 2007;27:6024. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Google Scholar. Bioelectromagnetics. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Physiol Behav. CAS Google Scholar. 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Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Nat Med. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. PubMed [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. Harris KM. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. Google Scholar. 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Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Article PubMed Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Cell Biochem Biophys. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Neurosci Lett. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Brain Res. Am J Epidemiol. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Radiat Res. Thus, Cosquer et al. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Xiong et al. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Article Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. 1994;8:714. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Mol Neurobiol. 2006;5:389. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Int J Radiat Biol. Megha et al. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Int J Radiat Biol. Xu et al. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. 2012;112:1715. PubMed Central 1988;9:33745. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Behav Brain Res. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. CAS Sci Total Environ. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. 2010;3:4650. Nature. Int J Occup Environ Health. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Wang Q, Cao Z. 2004;996:8996. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. 1993;13:41322. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. 1992;6:379. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. J Radiat Proc. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. 2013;23:306. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. J Mol Neurosci. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Article Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 2006;398:2537. Behav Brain Res. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. 2007;210:63544. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. 2000;11:4135. 2006;98:170713. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Privacy Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Wang et al. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. World J Biol Chem. Bioelectromagnetics. 2008;86:718. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Neuroreport. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Exp Neurobiol. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. CAS Electromagn Biol Med. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Behav Brain Res. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Mol Cell Biol. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr.
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