US Office of Personnel Management, Guidelines for Conducting Diversity Training, Training and Development Policy, accessed October 16, 2011, http://www.opm.gov/hrd/lead/policy/divers97.asp#PART%20B. There was a movement in the 1960s to reclaim the word black, and the slogan black is beautiful was commonly used. In this section, well explore how the cultural identities of race, gender, sexual orientation, and ability have been constructed in the United States and how communication relates to those identities. Culture is patterned in that there are recognizable widespread similarities among people within a cultural group. This is important because we then tend to react to someone we perceive as a member of an out-group based on the characteristics we attach to the group rather than the individual (Allen, 2011). & Kotthoff, H., 2009). Cullen, L. T., Employee Diversity Training Doesnt Work, Time, April 26, 2007, accessed October 5, 2011, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1615183,00.html. a. None of these choices is correct. This becomes problematic when we realize that standard English refers to a way of speaking English that is based on white, middle-class ideals that do not match up with the experiences of many. In common predicament: Social psychology of intergroup conflict and cooperation. Individuals were allowed to choose more than one racial category for the first time in census history. From this, the authors conclude that: Our parents, friends, teachers, and the media help shape our identities. It is not possible to have too many interpersonal relationships. Since the 1960s, scholars and activists have challenged established notions of what it means to be a man or a woman. One only needs to observe popular culture and media for a short time to see that sexuality permeates much of our public discourse. Table 3.1 Racial Classifications in the US Census. Real-life and online relationships are becoming indistinguishable from one another. Some people of color may engage in code-switching when communicating with dominant group members because they fear they will be negatively judged. We may literally have a parent or friend tell us what it means to be a man or a woman. As you will see in the timeline that follows, the medical community has a recent history of treating homosexuality with means that most would view as inhumane today. Live close to 1 year longer than those who are socially isolated. Relax. The US Office of Personnel Management offers many good guidelines for conducting diversity training: create learning objectives related to the mission of the organization, use tested and appropriate training methods and materials, provide information about course content and expectations to employees ahead of training, provide the training in a supportive and noncoercive environment, use only experienced and qualified instructors, and monitor/evaluate training and revise as needed (US Office of Personnel Management, 2011). For the Africans, their visitors identity as American is likely more salient than her identity as someone of African descent. The American Psychiatric Association removes its reference to homosexuality as a mental illness. Helga Kotthoff and Helen Spencer-Oatey (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2009), 41519. Napoleonic Code in France removes all penalties for any sexual activity between consenting adults. Sometimes clear communication is even the cause of problems. We must avoid the temptation to think of our identities as constant. While the category of Asian Americans can be useful when discussing broad trends, it can also generalize among groups, which can lead to stereotypes. Ask yourself the question Who am I? Recall from our earlier discussion of self-concept that we develop a sense of who we are based on what is reflected back on us from other people. On June 27, patrons at the Stonewall Inn in New York City fight back as police raid the bar (a common practice used by police at the time to harass gay people). Ascribing an identity of disabled to a person can be problematic. Sexuality isnt just physical; it is social in that we communicate with others about sexuality (Allen, 2011). This question illustrates the importance of gender in organizing our social lives and our interpersonal relationships. 4.1 Principles and Functions of Nonverbal Communication, 5.4 Listenable Messages and Effective Feedback, 6.1 Principles of Interpersonal Communication, 6.2 Conflict and Interpersonal Communication, 6.3 Emotions and Interpersonal Communication, 6.4 Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Communication, 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, 8.4 Intercultural Communication Competence, 9.2 Researching and Supporting Your Speech, 10.2 Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions, 12.1 Speaking in Personal and Civic Contexts, 14.1 Leadership and Small Group Communication, 14.3 Problem Solving and Decision Making in Groups, 15.1 Technological Advances: From the Printing Press to the iPhone, 15.2 Functions and Theories of Mass Communication, 16.3 New Media, the Self, and Relationships. As beliefs in the supernatural increase during the Middle Ages, people with disabilities are seen as manifestations of evil and are ridiculed and persecuted. (Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2010), 166. b. By 2030, racial and ethnic minorities will account for one-third of the population (Allen, 2011). 4 (1996): 318. 4. Before that, sexuality was viewed in more physical or spiritual senses that were largely separate from a persons identity. Also emphasizes a negative reciprocity between ingroup and outgroup attitudesspecifically, ingroup cohesion and loyalty is largely derived from hostility toward outgroups. Define personal, social, and cultural identities. Cultural identities are based on socially constructed categories that teach us a way of being and include expectations for social behavior or ways of acting (Yep, G. A., 2002). 27. If a sentence contains an agreement error, underline the incorrect pronoun or verb and write the correct word or words above it. 8. Parents and children. What movements in the late 180018001800s addressed urban problems? Jason Riedy Atlanta Pride Festival parade CC BY 2.0. is "the process of using the SENSES to acquire information about the surrounding environment or situation" Differences in perception between two people may be the result of people's * present feelings and circumstances * past experiences and roles * indentity factors d. All of these. The 2010 Census shows that the Hispanic and Latino/a populations in the United States are now the second largest group in the country, having grown 43 percent since the last census in 2000 (Saenz, 2011). Leaning on or hanging on to a persons wheelchair is similar to leaning or hanging on to a person and is generally considered annoying. It then builds on previous work, exploring such topics as conformity and solidarity among ingroup members and prejudice and stereotyping toward outgroup members. Political Communication, Normative Analysis of, Whiteness Theory in Intercultural Communication. Moises, a Chicano man interviewed in a research project about identities, narrated how he changed his Mexican sounding name to Moses, which was easier for his middle-school classmates and teachers to say (Jones Jr., 2009). So I have to be conscious of that. How we communicate, as well as how our communication is received by others, can be shaped by our identities and the identities of others. In some Southern states, Italian immigrants were forced to go to black schools, and it wasnt until 1952 that Asian immigrants were allowed to become citizens of the United States. Explain why difference matters in the study of culture and identity. Civil law in England indicates the death penalty can be given for same-sex sexual acts between men. As with other cultural identities, notions of sexuality have been socially constructed in different ways throughout human history. d. Instrumental goals. This number could continue to increase, as we have thousands of veterans returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan with physical disabilities or psychological impairments such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Azure Communication Services is an identity-agnostic service. People with disabilities are viewed with pity by early Christians and thought to be so conditioned because of an impurity that could possibly be addressed through prayer. Adopting the language practices of the dominant group may minimize perceived differences. To get the attention of a person who is deaf, tap the person on the shoulder or wave your hand. This begins a lifelong process of thinking about who we are now, who we were before, and who we will become (Tatum, B. D., 2000). Culture and identity are complex. National and international groups like the Human Rights Campaign advocate for rights for lesbian, gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) communities. The Vermont Supreme Court rules that the state must provide legal rights to same-sex couples. Conversely, many parents consciously or unconsciously code their newborns in gendered ways based on our societys associations of pink clothing and accessories with girls and blue with boys. Interracial communication presents some additional verbal challenges. Men have been treated as the generic human being to which others are compared. for long Calling sessions). b. both content and relational dimensions. We dont only see similarities and differences on an individual level. Social constructionism is a view that argues the self is formed through our interactions with others and in relationship to social, cultural, and political contexts (Allen, 2011). Sexuality is at the center of political issues like abortion, sex education, and gay and lesbian rights. Culture is an ongoing negotiation of learned patterns of beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors. For example, MC Frontalot, a leader in the nerdcore hip-hop movement, says that being branded a nerd in school was terrible, but now he raps about nerdy things like blogs to sold-out crowds (Shipman, 2007). The American Anthropological Association agrees, stating that race is the product of historical and contemporary social, economic, educational, and political circumstances (Allen, 2011). For example, a young woman who will later identify as a lesbian may not yet realize that a nondominant sexual orientation is part of her identity. In this study, as with his earlier works, the theory is used to suggest that intergroup competition over scarce resources creates both ingroup loyalty (stronger identification and attachment to the ingroup) and outgroup hostility (prejudice and discrimination toward the outgroup). Indirectly, communication defines us when we internalize judgement of ourselves, others, and social groups based on our way of expressing ourselves. Sexual orientation refers to a persons primary physical and emotional sexual attraction and activity. Sexual desires There are numerous components of ICC. d. external, physiological, and psychological. 1. Given that race is one of the first things we notice about someone, its important to know how race and communication relate (Allen, 2011). Thus, social identity theory is a robust theoretical framework that, in recent years, has had broad appeal and application across a number of academic disciplines. Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Studies, Chapter 6: Interpersonal Communication Processes, Chapter 7: Communication in Relationships, Chapter 11: Informative and Persuasive Speaking, Chapter 12: Public Speaking in Various Contexts, Chapter 14: Leadership, Roles, and Problem Solving in Groups, Chapter 15: Media, Technology, and Communication, Table 8.1 Personal, Social, and Cultural Identities, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1615183,00.html, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/census-data-reveals-changed-american-landscape/story?id=13206427, http://www.opm.gov/hrd/lead/policy/divers97.asp#PART%20B, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/19/AR2008011901899_pf.html, Next: 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Live close to 4 years longer than those who are socially isolated. Race didnt become a socially and culturally recognized marker until European colonial expansion in the 1500s. The most obvious way sexuality relates to identity is through sexual orientation. c. Career advancement The womens rights movement in the United States dates back to the 1800s, when the first womens rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 (Wood, 2005). But that ignores that fact that men have a gender, too. These thoughts led to a dark time in US history, as the eugenics movement sought to limit reproduction of people deemed as deficient. True The only we learn who we are is through communication. Last, queer is a term used to describe a group that is diverse in terms of identities but usually takes a more activist and at times radical stance that critiques sexual categories. The final stage of dominant identity formation is integration. Collier, M. J., Communication Competence Problematics in Ethnic Friendships, Communication Monographs 63, no. c. we put our thoughts into words. Identity is constructed in and through language and communication define our identity both directly and indirectly. (Shaking hands with the left hand is an acceptable greeting.). It reflects the values, beliefs, and customs of a society. Trace the historical development and construction of the four cultural identities discussed. What did you learn in this chapter that can help you overcome them? Since many people are unsure of how to communicate with a person with disabilities, following are the Ten Commandments of Etiquette for Communicating with People with Disabilities to help you in communicating with persons with disabilities:[1]. Introduction Foundational Works General Overviews Relevant Peer-Reviewed Journals Measures of Social Identity Sources of Group Cooperation and Conflict expandProtection, Maintenance, and Enhancement of Group Identity expandSocial Identity and the Communication Process expandNational Identity Political/Partisan Identity Racial/Ethnic Identity How do you see sexuality connect to identity in the media? For example, I have had students who struggle to see that they are in this stage say things like I know that racism exists, but my parents taught me to be a good person and see everyone as equal. While this is admirable, seeing everyone as equal doesnt make it so. With the emergence of the Metaverse technology, more stringent demands are required in terms of connectivity such as secure access and data privacy. Tajfel, H., and J.C. Turner. European Journal of Social Psychology 5.1: 534. Difference also matters because demographics and patterns of interaction are changing. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Sources of Group Cooperation and Conflict, Protection, Maintenance, and Enhancement of Group Identity, Social Identity and the Communication Process, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Acculturation Processes and Communication, British and Irish Magazine, History of the, Communication, Definitions and Concepts of, Corporate Social Responsibility and Communication, Information and Communication Technology for Development, Intercultural Communication, Worldview in, Multimodal Discourse Analysis, Approaches to, Multinational Organizations, Communication and Culture in. A. Interpersonal communication involves the exchange of messages, which is a When introduced to a person with a disability, it is appropriate to offer to shake hands. The book claims that communication is the method by which we adopt our identity - through our interactions with others and how their perceptions impact us; the book explains, "We decide who we are based on how others react to us" (Adler 6). In this foundational piece, the authors clarify and elaborate the social categorization process previously articulated, but not fully developed, by Tajfel and Turner 1979. Instant messaging Although most womens rights movements have been led by white, middle-class women, there was overlap between those involved in the abolitionist movement to end slavery and the beginnings of the womens rights movement. 1986. Identification is ever more important in the online world, and identity-related crime is a growing problem related to this. For example, there has been a Deaf culture movement in the United States for decades. Communication plays a central role in this construction. In 2010, women earned about seventy-seven cents to every dollar earned by men (National Committee on Pay Equity, 2011). Difference matters because people are treated differently based on their identities and demographics and patterns of interaction are changing. Edited by S. Worchel and W. Austin, 724. this page. Most relationships are not either interpersonal or impersonal. If someone is biracial or multiracial, they may change their racial identification as they engage in an identity search. This occurs, they argue, as individuals categorize themselves into a social group (social categorization), adopt the identity of that group (social identification), and engage in comparisons with other social groups (social comparison). Such group responses often include social change, social conflict, and social creativity. For example, they make a connection between epilepsy and a disorder of the mind but still consider the source to be supernatural or divine. d. we create new ways of teaching communication to children. One is due to uncertainty about language use. This movement includes people who are hearing impaired and believe that their use of a specific language, American Sign Language (ASL), and other cultural practices constitutes a unique culture, which they symbolize by capitalizing the D in Deaf (Allen, 2011). Meanings have limited interpretation. Being stuck in these stages makes it much more difficult to value difference. Because of this lack of recognition of oppression, members of dominant groups may minimize, dismiss, or question the experiences of nondominant groups and view them as complainers or whiners. Recall from our earlier discussion of identity formation that people with dominant identities may stay in the unexamined or acceptance stages for a long time. Age Identity and Communication Conict and Cooperation across the Life-Span). What they mean is that: During the eugenics movement in the United States, more than sixty thousand people in thirty-three states were involuntarily sterilized (Allen, 2011). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict.
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